Sorghum, millet and cassava as alternative dietary energy sources for sustainable quail production – A review

Diversification and expansion of the poultry industry with fast-growing highly prolific birds such as quail ( Coturnix coturnix ), could contribute significantly in achieving global food nutrition security. However, sustainable intensification relies on cost dietary ingredients used during feed formulations. The use non-conventional energy sources sorghum, millet, cassava lieu expensive maize, ensure businesses. Generally, alternative feedstuffs should be cost-effective possess comparable nutritional qualities maize. In tropical countries South Africa, diets can serve ideal alternatives because they have relatively values Furthermore, these are largely available easily accessible many farming areas Africa. presence antinutritional factors tannins, cyanides phytic acid, among others, well their high fiber levels may limit utilization nutrition. Nevertheless, attempts been made to develop improved varieties low antinutrient compositions, for instance, low-tannin sorghum increasingly being fed birds. there is growing evidence that certain processing techniques sun-drying, soaking, boiling fermentation, lower concentrations antinutrients feedstuffs, thus increasing feeding value. To this end, trials positive effects millet inconsistent, mainly due differences cultivar type, harvesting site or environmental conditions, sampling, handling methods amongst other factors. Thus, present review aimed discuss potential substituting maize diets.